Jazz In 1920s Essays - Jazz Genres, African-American Music

Jazz In 1920s The 1920's was a huge decade for the phenomena known as "Jazz". Due to the closing of the seaport in New Orleans, musicians were forced to travel up the Mississippi to find work. Two of the cities most affected by this move were Chicago and New York. Chicago was home primarily for New Orleans traditional music during the 1920's. From this New Orleans style came four major types of jazz: Boogie-Woogie, Chicago Jazz, Urban Blues, and Society Dance Bands. Because of the ever-growing popularity of nightclubs during Prohibition, these styles of jazz thrived so musicians were guaranteed jobs. The popularity of the phonograph also provided a huge boost to the music industry during the 1920's. Boogie-Woogie was a style of improvised piano music played during the '20's in Chicago. It got its start in the mining areas of the Midwest. The rolling, repetitious style was the beginning of the Midwestern shuffle style. The second type of jazz popular during this time was Chicago Jazz. It was played mostly by white musicians. Chicago Jazz tended to be very aggressive and usually ended abruptly. Since Chicago had more nightclubs than New York, it held a bigger attraction for musicians. It was only after the stock market crash in 1929 that New York replaced Chicago as a jazz capital. This style of jazz was tighter and more rehearsed than others. The next kind of jazz to emerge during the 1920's was Urban Blues. This was played primarily in an area known as the "bucket of blood." This referred to an area along the South Side of Chicago. The clubs there were known to hire the "who's who" of blues musicians. The last major style of jazz to emerge from Chicago during the '20's was Society Dance Bands. These bands were usually big with plush arrangements. They were located downtown and were slower paced and had no improvisation. They were designed mainly for dancing. They had a more sophisticated sound that was copied by other bands because it was so successful. Following is a list of some of the major mover and shakers to come out of Chicago during the 1920's. Joe Oliver (1885-1938) The "King" played the cornet and was one of the most important pure jazz musicians. He is mostly known for his time spent with his Creole Jazz Band. Recognition should be given to the fact that Louis Armstrong got much of his fame when he played with Oliver's band as a "hot jazz" specialist. Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) Armstrong is known as the "father" of the jazz trumpet. He was responsible for making the trumpet popular in jazz. He is also considered to be the first serious soloist in jazz. It is thought that Armstrong's time in a reformatory gave him the social "tools" necessary to survive and also gave him his rough ragtime trumpet sound. Meade Lux Lewis (1905-1964) Lewis was one of the leading boogie-woogie pianists. He was the third member of one of the biggest jazz boogie-woogie trios in history. He worked as a cab driver during the day and played gigs at night. Pete Johnson (1904-1967) Also a boogie-woogie piano master, Johnson unfortunately had trouble handling the business side of music. He therefore had to often take day jobs to sustain himself. Benny Goodman (1909-1986) Known as the "King of Swing", Goodman played the clarinet. His band was originally thought of as a dance band. But with the help of Fletcher Henderson, along with others, Goodman's band took on the characteristics of a true jazz orchestra. Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) Whiteman is credited for introducing more people to jazz during the 1920's than any other person. He originally played violin, but ended up being a bandleader full time. His huge success allowed him to be one of the very few bandleaders to continue working after the stock market crash. Leon "Bix" Beiderbecke (1903-1931) Leon is considered to be the only white trumpet player to have ever come close to capturing Louis Armstrong's amazing popularity. His style of playing was more European than most trumpeters of that time. Unfortunately, he was often unable to play due to his addiction to alcohol. New York was the other city greatly affected by the close of "Storyville". During the 1920's New York was known for two main reasons: the Harlem Renaissance and the Harlem Big Bands. Spasm bands also became popular in this area. The Harlem Renaissance was a shift in the jazz industry from Chicago to New York. This occurred during the mid 1920's. The Harlem Piano School

Banana Oil Lab Report Essays

Banana Oil Lab Report Essays Banana Oil Lab Report Paper Banana Oil Lab Report Paper Once all the needed chemicals were added we waited for about 70-minutes for the reaction to take place. The desired temperature for the reaction was ICC. We also had the solution at a constant stir. After the reaction was done taking place, we began to purification process. We used a pipette to remove the excess water and impurities that were underneath the banana oil. We removed all that was available and then began to add sodium carbonate to help wash and dry the mixture. Slowly shaking the banana oil inside the ml side to side, allowing CO to escape the ml vial. We did this twice aging sure all the excess impurities were removed. As we had our final solution of banana oil, we used the I. R. Spectra to conclude our results. The I. R. Spectra showed us that the compound we produced had no peak at comic-1. The banana oil peaked at roughly comic-1. We concluded from these results that all the alcohol was extracted and the final product was banana oil. Purpose The purpose of our lab was to reflux an isopleths alcohol with carboxylic acid (acetic acid), adding three drops of sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce an ester (isopleths acetate) and water. We verified our answers using infrared spectroscopy. Calculations for Percent Yield To find the percent yield we had to first find moles of our limiting reagent. 1) Weight of ml vial + cap =28. Egg 2) Weight of ml vial + cap +1. Ml of isopleths alcohol= 28. Egg 3) Weight of ml vial + cap + 1. Ml of isopleths alcohol + 1. Ml acetic acid= 30. Egg First we calculated the difference of the 1 and 2 (2-1= difference)= 0. Egg. Then, we found the difference of 1 and 3, =1. Egg. Using the molecular weight of the molecules of isopleths alcohol and acetic acid we found the moles of each molecule. For isopleths alcohol we calculated, (0. Egg/1) / (88. G/mom=). 0083 moles of isopleths alcohol. The moles for acetic acid were calculated at 0. 0255 mol= (1. Egg/1) / (60. G/mol). Once we found that isopleths alcohol was the limiting reagent, we found how many grams of banana oil were possible to produce. This number came out to be, (O,moll) x 1. 08066g= theoretical yield. Our final product (actual yield) we produce 0. 41 egg of banana oil. We then took this number to find our percent yield, x 100= 38. 2% Purification Process For the purification process we needed to rid the solution of any excess Heimlich besides the banana oil. To do this, we needed to understand a little about what makes a solution. Two factors that affect the ability of a solution to form are: 1) the natural tendency of substances to mix and spread into larger volumes when not restrained in some way 2) the types of intermolecular forces in the solution. In the case of the alcohol and the carbonyl acid, the two molecules reacted to form isopleths acetate and water. All of the isopleths alcohol was reacted with acetic acid and due to the solubility between the two molecules we were able to extract the water and acetic acid. This was done using a pipette to remove the bottom layer of the solution and it was possible because the alcohol was not soluble in the water. The second extraction required the use of one ml of sodium carbonate to wash the mixture by slowly shaking it until the bubbling stopped. We then removed the cap to allow the release of carbon dioxide out of the mixture, this was done two times. Finally, we began drying the mixture with sodium sulfate. Results from Infrared Spectroscopy After completing the washing a drying of our mixture, we then took our final product to be tested using infrared spectroscopy. Only items needed for this was the I. R. Spectra, a pipette, and a computer. We placed a drop on the eye of the spectrograph and waiting for our results. We noticed from our finding that at comic-1 our mixture had no peak. This meant that we successfully removed all the excess alcohol from our mixture. Furthermore, we notice a distinct peak at 1750 CM-l . This confirmed that we in fact had banana oil as our final product. Conclusion In this experiment we ended up with a percent yield of 38. 2%. The reasons for a lower percent yield could be attributed to factor not all isopleths alcohol reacting ND extracting some of the product out with the excess water. The isopleths alcohol is a hydrophobic molecule with a hydrophilic head end. This allows the molecule to react with the carboxylic acid which is a hydrophilic molecule. We know this by the bonds associated with both molecules. The alcohol is a non polar By using the IR. Spectra, we first noticed that there was no peak at comic-1. This is significant because if there was any excess alcohol within the mixture we would see a peak. At 1739. CACM-1, we see a noticeable peak showing us that for our final product we did in fact have banana oil.

Respons essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respons - Essay Example This is used several parts of the film and this is especially those where the young girl is talking. This shows that she has stopped practicing the traditions of the community and has actually developed to know foreign languages. With relation to Arabic speaking, this is where the parents of the girl are talking. This is also another genre found when Asfour talks and this is critical for it shows Aleya’s parents that the he has morals and respect for traditions. The film reflects European influences in many different ways. One of the ways it accomplishes this and through the vastness manner is through ensuring that they show the authority of the parents. The parents of the girl are very deeply interested in their class that they do not adhere to the importance of the kid’s desires. This is common in many European countries where they get to decide the person their daughter marries. One of the main cultures that is witnessed in the film is regarding their appearance. Many Arabs have recognition for having a lot of wealth. Most of the wealth in these families is inherited through time to the respective heirs. The inheritance case is the same witnessed here where the father of Aleya does not wish to allow the daughter to marry a person who is not of their caliber. The film offers a lot of credible and informative material regarding the issue of Arabs and the social classes that they have. In the community, respect comes from the amount of wealth that a family has. In the film, the father did not approve of the marriage as associating with a lesser class would have him lose respect. It is critical to note that high class is treated specially in this community. There are some symbols used in the film. An example of the symbols used in the film is the large mat set to the side of the palace where Aleya’s family lives. This is the greatest symbol to note in the film. The symbol represents the religious aspect of the community where despite the judgmental

Management and Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management and Accounting - Assignment Example Breakeven analysis of the results has also been prepared to determine the volume of sales at which the company will be able to cover its fixed costs. There are a number of financial tools and techniques available to assist business managers to monitor and control their operations. They include budgeting, ratio analysis, breakeven analysis and sensitivity analysis. 2.0 Budgeting Budgets are useful methods of monitoring and controlling costs and organisations prepare a number of them in order to monitor and control expenditure. They include revenue budget, material budget, labour budget, cash budget, budgeted income statement, and budgeted financial statements. The revenue budget is normally the first budget to be prepared. The revenue requirements are determined and a forecast is done of the revenues that the company will generate over a period and when the actual amounts will be received (See Appendix A). The material budget and the labour budget is then prepared based on the informa tion in the revenue budget. These budgets indicate the cost of materials that are required in each period in order to achieve the targeted revenues. The material budget indicates when materials are purchased and the quantity in which they are purchased (See Appendix B). The labour budget includes a description of the labour required and the cost of labour for each period included in the budget. A cash budget is then produced based on the information in the revenue budget, material budget and labour budget (See Appendix C). The cash budget includes a section for inflows (receipts) and another for outflows (payments) (See Appendix D). The receipts in the cash budget are linked to information in the revenue budget and the payments are linked to information in the materials budget and the labour budget. The revenue, material, labour and cash budgets are shown in Appendix A, B, C and D. In order to forecast the total income, expenditure and profits for the period a projected income state ment is prepared. This statement draws cumulative information from the revenue budget, the material budget, the labour budget and the cash budget. The projected retained earnings from the projected income statement is then used in the preparation of the forecast balance sheet along with capital items in the cash budget, prepaid and unpaid expenses which are determined by comparing the information in the income statement with the cash budget. The projected income and financial position statements are shown in Figure 1 and 2 respectively. Famished! Limited Forecast Income Statement for the year ending March 31, 2012 ? ? ? Gross sales revenue 592,000 Less direct material costs after deduction of closing inventory 124,320 Gross margin 467,680 Less expenses: Lease 24,000 Refit depreciation 7,000 Equipment depreciation 5,148 Business rates 24,300 Water 1,712 Electricity 4,508 Gas 6,050 Internet for business use 360 telephone 909 Cleaning 10,944 Promotional expenditure 600 Salaries 241,661 327,191 Operating profit 140,489 Interest payable 902 Retained profit 139,587 Figure 1 Famished! Limited Projected STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION as at March 31, 2012 ? ? ? Non current assets Cost Dep'n Net Refit of premises 35,000 7,000 28,000 Equipment 28,600 5,148 23,452 51,452 Current assets Inventories 1,800

Chorley Fabrics Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chorley Fabrics Ltd - Essay Example The amount of units to produce was acquired by taking the values of the availability of resources (from another table) and the usage of resources per product. This was divided into the former to get a quotient: the maximum use of resources. Both Stevenson (2005)1 and Middleton (2006)2 explain how to use Excel in this fashion via the Solver tool. After this, the amount of units produced was multiplied by the profit per unit to obtain the value for total profit. X1, X2, X8, X9 and X10 are the profit bringers, and thus they should be placed on the schedule in order of profit received, starting from the highest: X2, X8, S9, X1 and X10. The others, as there is little profit from them, should be moved to the bottom of the list. X4 can likely be eliminated altogether. From this, using the SUMPRODUCT formula, which adds the sums of products of corresponding arrays, it can then be determined how much of each resource is used per week. For example, X1 can have 15 units produced, at a cost of 1.8 units in M/C 1. Unit 2 can have have 28 units, at a cost of 1.2 in M/C 2, and so on down the list. All these values are added up to get the total usage of resources. Alternatively, all values in the row corresponding to each product can be added to get the total cost per unit. Resource Usage Available M/C 1 369.75 400 M/C 2 206.75 250 M/C 3 280.00 280 M/C 4 212.82 270 M/C 5 324.00 340 Mat 1 600.00 600 Mat 2 780.00 780 Labour 182.80 229 This table denotes the usage of all resources, based upon the values gained from the procedure described above. Going by this, it can be seen that M/C 3 and both raw materials are used to optimum efficiency. There is no surplus or deficit. M/C 2 and M/C 4, hwever, are lacking; there is a a period of 44.3 hours left over for 2, and a period of 57.2 hours for 4. M/C 1, 3, and 5 are used efficiently; there is little available time left for them. 5. Marginal Benefits Resource Final Value Marginal Benefits Constraint R.H. Side Allowable Increase Allowable Decrease M/C 1 Usage 369.75 0.00 400 1E+30 30.24822533 M/C 2 Usage 206.84 0.00 250 1E+30 43.15699565 M/C 3 Usage 280.00 7.93 280 7.303252788 14.80479303 M/C 4 Usage 212.84 0.00 270 1E+30 57.15903366 M/C 5 Usage 322.01 0.00 340 1E+30 17.99473323 Mat 1 Usage 600.00 13.98 600 65.70689655 61.87637795 Mat 2

Le Corbusier Architecture Essay

Le Corbusier Architecture Essay Le Corbusier (1887-1965) is a Swiss-French architect; he is considered by many a pioneer of modern architecture. Le Corbusiers ambition is evident as he was an individual of many talents including painting, writing, and design. Le Corbusiers attitude towards the home, the objects of the home and the way in which this was expressed in his art and architecture will be discussed. By assessing the Five points in Architecture used by Le Corbusier as a structural basis for much of his architecture up to 1953, a discussion can be made of his following homes Maison Citrohan, Maison La Roche, Ville Contemporaine, Lesprit nouveau Pavilion, Maison Cook , The Villa Stein and Villa Savoye. Le Corbusier artwork displays an association with his architectural design these association and the influence of his artwork upon his designs will be discussed, in association with the development of purism. Additionally the response faced by his architecture of the 1920 and 1930s will be assessed. In 1915 Le Corbusier and friend, engineer and entrepreneur, Max Dubois evolved two ideas that inspired his style of work throughout the 1920s; One being the Maison Domino which represents the Five points in Architecture. The five points included Pilotis (columns), roof garden, free plan, free faà §ade and ribbon windows. These elements were seen by Le Corbusier as Objects-types which he explains in detail in his book, Vers une architecture and journal, LEsprit nouveau. In 1918 with the help of the artist Amedee Ozenfant, Le Corbusier adopted the painting with the use of oils. Together they developed the Purism movement, Ground in Neo-Platonic philosophy, Purism extended its discourse to cover all forms of plastic expression from salon paintings to product design and architecture. The purism movement derived from cubism in which similarly the main subject matter was the common objects of the cafà © table, the studio and the machine shop: guitars, bottles, and pipes which were presented in their most natural and clear forms that were expressive of modern machine age, unlike the abstract and decorative approach of cubism. It was against what le Corbusier and Ozenfant regarded as the unwarranted distortions of cubism in paintings as it was in favour of the evolutionary perfection of, say, thonet bentwood furniture or standard cafà © tableware. They collaborated on the book, Apres le cubisme, Along side poet Paul Dermee in 1920, he founded the magazine lesprit Nouveau with its main subject matter being the arguable relation between art and industrial society which was already developed in Apres le cubisme. Many architectural ideas which were mentioned in LEsprit nouveau developed from the planning of an ideology of modern paintings. Still life (1920) is a purist painting by le Corbusier which uses flat images with the overlapping of planes similarly to cubism, however its different in the way the objects are made to look solid and not as abstract like in cubism. The repeated curving outline of the guitar and bottle he achieved is also a popular cubist concept. The selection of common, everyday objects which are represented in the paintings are considered objet-types. the object would become an objet-type, its platonic forms resulting from a process analogous to natural selection, becoming banal, susceptible to infinite duplication, the stuff of everyday life. The colour scheme contains only the neutral colours, black, grey, white and different shades of green. Citrohan House, 1925-7 in Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart The Citrohan house is a pure prism, the use of concrete allows large uninterrupted interior space; it consists of a white box supported by columns with a flat roof and the use of consistent rectangular windows which extend to the corner columns and resemble an industrial kind. It was in relation with this building in which Le Corbusier published his Five points for a New Architecture. The Citrohans section and main arrangement was inspired by a cafà © In Paris where le Corbusier lunched everyday. Simplification of the light source; single bay at each end; two lateral bearing walls; a flat roof over; a veritable box which could be used as a house. Le Corbusier believed that the house should be as standardized as a car; hence the name Citrohan came from the name of the famous automobile company, Citroen. The idea of mass production was important and the fact the Citrohan visualized a way of a life clear from all the unnecessary clutter of the customary bourgeois dwelling at the time. Using the Maison Citrohan as his model, he was determined on using mass production processes in order to solve the housing crisis of the post-war years, similar to the way in which Ford cars where processed. In 1924 industrialist, Henri Fruges, agreed to carry out Le Corbusiers idea of mass produced housing for his workers in Pessac using the Citrohan as its bases. This included 130 reinforced frame houses along with one common type known as the sky scraper unit which was a combination of the Maison Citrohan and the back-to-back units he had designed for the city of Audincourt. The Citrohan house at the Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung was the last in the series of Citrohan-type houses in which he developed the true version. In Vers une architecture Le Corbusier described this house as a machine for living in, by which he meant a house whose functions had been examined from ground floor up and stripped to the essentials. Both the house and car are considered objects-types due to the fact they both have significant functions, like the machinery of a car which is enclosed within the exterior layer he believed the function of the house should also be invisible, covered in an ideal layer. Maison La Roche/Jeanneret, 1923, in Paris The Maison La Roche/Jeanneret which was designed in 1923 for Raoul La Roche, a collector of paintings, and Le corbusierss brother Albert and wife Lotti Raaf. The house displays many influences of the purist movement, from the fixtures of the house to its form. The use of overlapping surfaces and the transparent areas of glazing are similar to the characteristics of purist paintings which include the overlapping of planes. The fixtures used within the home also relate to the subject matter of Purism which include, radiators, naked light bulbs, simple Thonet chairs, door latches, metal windows- are obviously of industrial extraction. These are objects-types similarly to the objects represented in the purist paintings like the bottles and machine parts, these are objects that tend towards a type which is determined by the evolution of forms between the ideal of maximum utility, and the necessities of economics manufacture. Le Corbusier believed the whole modern city should be elevated up a level in order to keep the ground clear, providing a better circulation of cars. This idea was projected in the studio wing, for which a single cylindrical pilotis stands at the centre beneath, along the axis of the long access road. The studio wing was a demonstration of urbanistic doctrine. Ville Contemporaine, 1922 Contemporary City which was a city of skyscrapers in a park for three million inhabitants, was inspired by the Utopian vision where techniques of modern construction, automobiles and aeroplanes were brought together in a n ordered diagram, with nature and the machine reconciled and harmonized. Lesprit nouveau Pavilion, 1925, in Paris The Pavillon de lEsprit Nouveau built in 1925 was a pavilion in the shape of an apartment from the ideal city which included furnishing of the modern machine age objects alongside purist works of art. Maison Cook, 1926-7, in The clarification of Le Corbusier formal theory is also partly linked to his daily experience of painting. This can be evident in Maison Cook of 1926-7 in which the precise control of volume, surface and profile may be sensed. Maison cook consist of a square plan and faà §ade, hence its almost cubic form. The single cylindrical piloti on the central axis and the use of continuous strip windows from one side to the other helps emphasis the symmetry of its overall shape. Le Corbusiers uses a concrete frame in order to achieve spaces of varies qualities including lighting, size and views. The curved partitions dramatize the free plan, catch the light, and stand like objects in the lucid space; inevitably they call to mind the bottles and guitars of Purist pictures. The five points are clearly emphasised in the Maison cook, with the piloti as a central point set back from the faà §ade level dramatizing the separation of structure from external cladding. The use of the piloti provides a passage below the house for both pedestrian and cars. Use of the continuous windows draws attention to the free faà §ade and also contains a roof garden on top which replaces the green area used by the building. The Villa Stein (1926-1928) in Garches The Villa Stein is an impressive example of the avant-garde movement such as the intense handling of interior space provided by a regular grid of pilotis along with its free plan, furthermore with its use of modern building techniques and use of industrial materials. The site for the villa was of a long and narrow stretch of land, allowing the chance for a freestanding building volume with space for a garden front and back. This enables the chance to organise an architectural journey starting from the entrance through to the garden, hence touches upon old themes of villa design to do with the transition from urban to rural experience. At first sight the villa appears to be a formal rectangular block consisting of horizontal strips of white wall and thin strips of glazing, In comparison to Maison Cook its rather striking. Similarly to Villa Savoye it celebrates the arrival by car in an almost ceremonial way. The lowest level includes a variety of openings including a garage, small entrance to the servants quarters, the main entrance and a large area of industrial glazing which represents the use of the modern building technique. Looking at the faà §ade there is no evidence of piloti, however the way in which the windows extend to the edges suggest that the faà §ade is a non-weight-bearing membrane. However the facades subtle rearrangement and similarities of the rectangles and slight transparency at the edges, present a visual uncertainty about the position and thickness of the faà §ade surface. Hence, The Villa Stein-de Monzie is organized as a series of layers. This can relate to Le Corbusiers purist paintings, where the overlapping of planes occurs. The main entrance is expressed by a canopy which slightly resembles the wings and struts of an aeroplane, which Le Corbusier identifies as an objet-type for its emphasis on function. The arrangement of partitions within the whole layout reflects Le Corbusiers paintings, where curves and rectangles slide, overlap, and harmonize into a perceived unity within a rectangular frame. There are many features within the Villa Stein which relate to the engineering objects Le Corbusier considered objet-types, in particular the Ship. This includes a protruded, curved volume used for storage recalls the funnel of a liner; other nautical allusions are found in the railings, the spiral stairs. In Vers une architecture, in the chapter Eyes Which Do Not See, the caption An architect pure, neat, clear, clean and healthy, appears under one of the ship illustrations. This could be used to describe the Villa Stein/de Monzie due to its comparison with a ship. The Villa Savoye, 1928, in Poissy, France The Villa Savoye in Poissy designed in 1928, is a great example of Le Corbusiers five points of architecture. The main living space elevated on pilotis, with its strong horizontal faà §ade is centred within a breathtaking landscape; with the use of continuous horizontal windows providing clear panoramic views. One of the main parts to Le Corbusiers machine age concepts was the provision of enough green space. This is apparent for the villa savoye site where organisations of trees and grass have a clearly framed view. Nature is celebrated as dramatically as the idea of the house as a machine a habiter, or the theme of procession by car. The use of piloti in the Garches was an important mechanism within the interior; whereas for the Ville Savoye use of piloti is predominating for both exterior and interior. From a distance Ville Savoye has been compared with a Purist still life on a table-top and the associations with ships funnels or machine parts are not hard to make. This relates to the engineering objects le Corbusier considered to have relevance and the right balance he aimed for as he felt the architecture of the recent past was of poor and missing significance compared to the Parthenon, the Roman baths, Mansart etc. These engineering objects include ships, aeroplanes, cars and factories which were greatly evident in his book Vers une architecture. The use of silos and factories were praised for their clear and distinct articulation of volumes and surfaces: ships and aeroplanes for their rigorous expression of function. The guitar outline emphasized in le Corbusier purist painting, still life, has a strong connection to the plan shape of the Solarium. This shows the influence his painting had on his architecture and the way in which he produced similar results, because it provided him with a filter of experiences and a laboratory of forms. Or (choose which quote) The same formal intelligence working in different media achieved analogous results.

The Truman Show :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites â€Å"The Truman Show† is a profoundly disturbing movie. On the surface, it deals with the worn out issue of the intermingling of life and the media. Examples for such incestuous relationships abound: Ronald Reagan, the cinematic president was also a presidential movie star. In another movie (â€Å"The Philadelphia Experiment†) a defrosted Rip Van Winkle exclaims upon seeing Reagan on television (40 years after his forced hibernation started): â€Å"I know this guy, he used to play Cowboys in the movies†. Candid cameras monitor the lives of webmasters (website owners) almost 24 hours a day. The resulting images are continuously posted on the Web and are available to anyone with a computer. The last decade witnessed a spate of films, all concerned with the confusion between life and the imitations of life, the media. The ingenious â€Å"Capitan Fracasse†, â€Å"Capricorn One†, â€Å"Sliver†, â€Å"Wag the Dog† and many lesser films have all tried to tackle this (un)fortunate state of things and its moral and practical implications. The blurring line between life and its representation in the arts is arguably the main theme of â€Å"The Truman Show†. The hero, Truman, lives in an artificial world, constructed especially for him. He was born and raised there. He knows no other place. The people around him – unbeknownst to him – are all actors. His life is monitored by 5000 cameras and broadcast live to the world, 24 hours a day, every day. He is spontaneous and funny because he is unaware of the monstrosity of which he is the main cogwheel. But Peter Weir, the movie’s director, takes this issue one step further by perpetrating a massive act of immorality on screen. Truman is lied to, cheated, deprived of his ability to make choices, controlled and manipulated by sinister, half-mad Shylocks. As I said, he is unwittingly the only spontaneous, non-scripted, â€Å"actor† in the on-going soaper of his own life. All the other figures in his life, including his parents, are actors. Hundreds of millions of viewers and voyeurs plug in to take a peep, to intrude upon what Truman innocently and honestly believes to be his privacy. They are shown responding to various dramatic or anti-climactic events in Truman’s life. That we are the moral equivalent of these viewers-voyeurs, accomplices to the same crimes, comes as a shocking realization to us. We are (live) viewers and they are (celluloid) viewers.

Describe the functions Essay

Received assignment which is to cover element 3. 1 all PCs. My initial task is to Gather all relevant information on the basic data structures for storage and retrieval. I will research through lecture notes and the books BTEC Information Technology, BTEC in Computing, File structures theory and practice, as well as to search through the CD ROM Groliers Encyclopaedia. Take notes on any relevant Information 9/5/95 – 11/5/95 Research information on the way that Basic data structures are analysed for different applications. Research through above books and CD ROM’s and take relevant notes. 11/5/95 13/5/95 Find out about logical and physical file organisation, with regards to PC3 Element 6. 1 of the log book. Take notes on relevant Information. 13/5/95 – 15/5/95 16/5/95 18/5/95 Research information using methods as above with regards to how the physical file organisation is analysed in relation to different media, PC4. Make notes Research information to cover PC 5, which needs me to explain location and access methods. Use literature as above 19/5/95 Word process first draft, and take to tutor for first review After outcome of first review take tutors advice accordingly. 20/5/95 Check work to see if any important facts have been omitted, ask Tutor for a second review. After outcome of second review finalise any missing facts. Word process final draft, check the work for mistakes and hand in finished report for 1/6/95 Nicky Wilson GNVQ Advanced IT Investigate data Structure for storage and Retrieval Element 6. 1 Introduction The report will analyse basic data structures for different applications and physical file organisation in relation to different media. The report will also explain basic data structure for storage and retrieval, logical and physical file organisation and location and access methods. A data structure is essentially a number of data items, also called elements or nodes with some relationship linking them together. Each item consists of one or more named parts called fields occupying one or more memory locations in the computer. For instance a list of numbers occupying consecutive memory locations in a computer is a simple data structure. Array: This is an ordering of the data elements so that the data is able to be extracted in a logical fashion, shown below is a diagram showing an example of this 1 6 9 3 Dim x (3) Index value 7 4 4 1 Dim y (3) Index value Dim x (3,3) Index value 9 2 6 7 Dim y (3,3,3) Index value Stack: The stack is a data structure chacterized by the expression LIFO = Last in first out this means that most recent item added to the stack is the first one which can be removed from the stack. A stack pointer is used to keep track of the last item added to the stack, which is the current top of the stack. Stacks are frequently used for data temporary storage. One common application of stacks is for storing return addresses (link values) for closed routines. TOP SP BOTTOM A stack only has two operations PUSH: Add an item POP: Remove the top item. FULL & EMPTY: Stack pointer It can define maximum values only one end used. Queue: The data structure known as a queue has the same characteristics as the queues that we encounter in everyday life. A queue in a data structure in which elements are added only at the rear of the list and removed only from the front of the list. A queue structure is often given the name FIFO which stands for first In first out. Data in what we call a queue is not moved along like people in a cinema queue, instead each datum stays in its storage location until its turn comes, thereby reducing time spent in data movement. The use of pointers makes this possible. FRONT BACK JOIN HERE Take items from the front, add items to the end. List: Lists provide a flexible way of handling data items in order. Changes to the order can be achieved with minimal data movement and little loss of storage space These can be ordered can contain N > 0 items, each data is an element, 3, 4, 41, 62, 79, 8, 11 or FRED, JIM, ANDY, CHRIS, SID. Tree: The tree structure is an Hierarchical structure, the term tree refers to a non linear data structure in which nodes have two or more pointers to other nodes forming an hierarchical structure. The top node is called the root node The bottom node are called leaf (Terminal nodes) and the nodes are connected by branches. Shown below is an example of a tree structure showing how a record in a employee file may have the structure shown below. Works Number Name County Sex Post Holidays Status Nation`ty phone Street Town Age Service Dept Years Salary Entitmnt Storage & Retrieval For example in a banking organisation, the information that must be recorded could be information on a customers checking or savings account, on loan applications, about employees of banking institutions etc. Due to the four parts of information, each part is related to as a file, so the banking organisation must record the information in four separate file shown below. Checking Savings Loan Employee Accounts Accounts Applications File File File File Records: Are a collection of related fields, an example to show this could be a record of an accounts file, which contains four fields. Illustrated below is a diagram showing this. ACCOUNT NAME ADDRESS BALANCE 9783 – 59 -812 JOE BLOGGS BLOGGS AVENUE 1000. 89 Files: Logical is referred to as the external view of the file a logical file is nothing more than a collection of all logical data. Media Access: File storage media is of two main types, Serial access and direct access, below is a short explanation of the two. Serial Access media: This means that in order to access a particular record, it is necessary to read all records which precede it in the relevant file. An example of this storage medium is in normal cassette tape. A difficulty with this storage media is that there are no readily identifiable physical access areas on the medium which can be addressed, it is non addressable. Thus to look for an individual record the software needs to examine eachreco rd key field, in sequence from the start of the file until the required record is found. Direct access media: This allows direct access to a particular record, for example floppy or Hard drives. They have physical divisions which can be identified by computer software, as well as hardware, and can be addressable so that particular locations can be referred to by name or code, to retrieve a record which is shared at the location. Basic data structures are analysed for different applications Input / output Queuing and spooling Computer and printer everytime you print work out in room 107 YCC you go into a queue, it stores the information and prints it out in the order it went in. Queuing information uses first in first out. If it was more advanced, for example you needed to have certain priorities for printing ( small files first) to make the system more efficient you would need to use a list structure. Spooling is the other way round, putting things together ready to go out. It would be possible to use a queue data structure. Storage (tables, declarations, files, databases) Table for example containing storage devices. TABLE 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 Two dimensional, one column specifies, and one column specifies the row. Stored in a two dimensional array structure. Files are made up by a number of logical records. 1 Dimensional array Dimensional array Field Record Record Record Record Record Problem must contain the same type of information Each box of array can only store the same type of Information Retrieval: All structure storage and retrieval vary from structure to structure. It may use a tree, to extract information from a tree the name given is traversing the tree or tree walking, for simplicity we will use binary trees. The reason for this is that each node can only have two branches. Left Subtree Node Right Subtree A B C D E F G. Inorder Traversal: Traverse the left subtree, visit the node. Traverse the right subtree. = DBEEAFCG Preorder Traversal Start at Node A Traverse the left Subtree. = ABDECFG Post Order Traversal Traverse the left Traverse the right Return to the Root. (Node) = DEBFGCA. Searching For searching list and array structures. Compilation: is the process of translating a High level language into machine code (Basic, Pascal, FORTRAN) There are 3 main steps   Lexical   Syntax Analysis Data structures is what we are interested in   Code generation Lexical analysis: This involves breaking the input to the compiler into chunks, also known as tokens. Syntax Analysis: This involves checking whether the input tokens form valid sentences when put together. This process is known as parsing. The second process of syntax analysis involves determining the values of arithmetic expressions. Code Generation: The final stage of the compilation process, where the machine code is generated. Methods of Syntax Analysis Parse trees can be used to evaluate whether a statement has the correct syntax. Customer 27 Customer 6 Customer 33 Customer 49 Sequential access files These are the files where the records are stored one after another in a predetermined order. This is usually around the key field, when files of data are created you need a means of access to a particular record within those files. This is done by giving each record a key field by which the record can be recognised or identified. Examples of key fields could be Customer number in a customer ledger record Stock code number in a stock record   Employee clock number in a payroll record Customer 10 Customer 26 Customer 34 Customer 47. Indexed sequential file: Records are stored in a sequence like sequential, the important difference is that an index is provided to enable individual records to be located. Strictly speaking the records may not always be stored in sequence but the index will always enable the sequence to be determined. Illustrated below is an example of an indexed sequential file. 1 INDEX 2 3 1 . . 10 . 10 11 20 12 . . . 20 21 22 Random access file structure This allows the ability to retrieve a record without having to read all the records that appear before it in the file. it allows fast access to records it is ideally suited for Interactive systems. Physical file organisation is analysed to different media Magnetic tape. Because of the physical characteristics of magnetic tape it is necessary when processing a file that the tape unit starts to read the tape unit at the beginning of the tape. Magnetic tape is a low cost high storage capacity device, its advantages are that it is very cheap. Files can be organised two ways serial and sequentially. Shown below is a diagram showing how a file is arranged on tape both logically and physically. Block or physical record File I I header R1 R2 R3 R4 B R5 R6 R7 B R9 R10 R11 R12 †¦ label G G Logical Records Inter Block Gap. Magnetic Disk: Magnetic disk provides storage facilities far more flexible than magnetic tape. The surface of the disk is divided into physical locations. It is a direct access medium. Magnetic disk supports the following file organisation methods Serial, Sequential. CD ROM Uses tracks to store the data on, the tracks are very close together . They have a mass storage capacity, they can hold about 600Mb of information and are direct access medium. Latest CDs now allow you to put information on and keep adding to it. RAM Random access memory is Electrical memory, it is a temporary store for holding programs and data that has either been put into the computer from either disk, typed at the keyboard or input from some other device. This type of memory is called volatile memory that means that the contents of main memory can be destroyed, either by been overwritten or when the machine is switched off. It is direct access and very fast access, it has a limited capacity and is relatively expensive. Location and access methods are explained serial sequential order: The lowest value is at the top, and the highest at the bottom. You would start at the beginning and work your way, the advantage of using this way is if for instance if you wanted to find number 29, if by the time it gets to number 34 the value is not found, the search will be terminated immediately. If it wasn’t sequential you would have to go through the entire list. 4 13 26 34 If number 29 is not found by here, search will be stopped 97 102 Serial search: Using a serial search you would go through the files in each order, look through data items one at a time, from the start of the data structure to the end. This can be a very inefficient type of search because all of the data items must be examined unless the data is ordered. This is the only type of search that can be used with unordered information. Serial record search: This means that in order to identify and retrieve a particular record it is necessary to read all the records which precede it in the relevant file, until the file you require is found RECORD 1 RECORD 2 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 Evaluation I am happy with the outcome of the assignment, I feel that I have covered the criteria and the range that was required. The way I approached the assignment was as such, first of all I researched Information from the books Information Technology by Roger Carter, BTEC Computer Studies, Information Processing BTEC, A level BTEC and first degree computing. The next process was to decide which way, was the best way to try and cover the PCs and ranges for the unit were covered. Eventually I reached the conclusion that it would be easier for me to work through the PCs in the order that they appear in the log book. Thus starting with PC1. The other way I thought of approaching the assignment was to start by doing PC1 first but to try and bring in other elements of the ranges in accordingly. The reason why I opted out of doing it this way was because I thought that it would make it more difficult. The way that I tried to checked the validity of the Information was by, trying to compare the information that I had it with the different books and CD ROM’s to see if it was correct. This way proved hard. In my opinion it is hard to judge the validity of the information for this assignment, because certain areas relating to this subject is hard to find a wide range of Information on. I have not done the work as instructed on my action plan, I have had reviews by tutor earlier than stated in my action plan, the reason for this is because I have other assignments that need completing. If any criticism is to be applied to my work, I feel that I have not gone into depth with certain parts of the assignment, but elaborated too much on other areas. Bibliography Books and CD ROM’s Used Computer Studies for BTEC (3rd Edition) Geoffrey Knott, Nick Waites, Paul Callaghan, John Ellison. Business Education Publisher ltd. 1993 Information Processing for BTEC 2nd Edition Geoffrey Knott, Nick Waites, Paul Callaghan, John Ellison. Business Education Publisher ltd. 1990. A level, BTEC & first degree Computing by Nick Waites, Geoffrey Knott. Business Education Publishers Limited 1992 Information Technology by Roger Carter, first published 1991, reprinted 1992. Encarta encyclopaedia, Times, Guardian, Groliers Encyclopaedia (CD ROMS).

Gentrification in South Africa

Gentrification in South Africa Social Segregation in Cities: GentrificationWhat is gentrification?Gentrification is a process in which low-cost, physically deteriorated neighborhoods experience physical renovation and an increase in property values, along with an increase in wealthier residents who typically replace the prior residents.IntroductionJohannesburg, also known as Egoli is the largest city in South Africa. It is part of the Gauteng province; the most wealthy province of South Africa. More than three million people live in Johannesburg. Johannesburg alone, accounts for 16% of South Africa's GDP.Johannesburg's EconomyJohannesburg economic importance is declining as gold mining no longer takes place within the cities limits. However, most mining companies still have their headquarters here. Manufacturing steel and cement is a very important activity taken place here. Johannesburg is home to Africa's largest stock exchange the JSE Securities Exchange. The container terminal at Johannesburg is purported to b e the largest 'dry port' in the world with 60% of all containers going through port of Durban arriving at Johannesburg.Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa.Gentrification in JohannesburgIn 1886 George Harrison founded the city of Johannesburg when he found gold mines in the area. Apartheid, kept black people in townships outside Johannesburg; leaving it a commercial stronghold and symbol of white might in the region. At the end of Apartheid in the 1980's restrictions were lifted and thousands of poor blacks flocked into the city seeking jobs and homes. The White minority was astonished by this sudden influx and important commercial activities such as the Stock Exchange were moved to the Northern suburbs. Police lost control of Johannesburg and it soon became an abandoned area that most people gave up on.Several important activities by the government helped turn Johannesburg around. The government and businesses which stayed put up CCTVs connected to police units. City sa faris were set up...

In my eyes too many women have abortions for reasons Essay Example

In my eyes too many women have abortions for reasons Essay Example In my eyes too many women have abortions for reasons Essay In my eyes too many women have abortions for reasons Essay In my eyes too many women have abortions for reasons which I believe are not just enough for the killing of a human being. The foetus may not have knowledge of its existence but its still another human.Abortion has been a very controversial issue for hundreds of years and probably for many years to come. As more and more people discuss it, new aspects are added to the argument and this could be the reason why laws vary from country to country and have changed so many times.Abortion in England and Wales was first made illegal in the 19th century. Before then abortions were only carried out provided that the mother had not yet felt the foetus move within her. At this time, if the law was broken there were no fixed penalties and the mother having the abortion was not necessarily held responsible. It was in 1803 when the law changed and abortion became a criminal offence from the time of conception. Penalties could be as severe as life imprisonment for both the mother and the abortionist . In the year 1929 the law was changed yet again and the The Infant Life Preservation Actà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was passed to amended the previous law so that abortion was no longer a felony under certain circumstances. The new law stated that it was illegal to kill a foetus that was capable of being born live. The act stated that at 28 weeks the foetus should be able to survive and therefore was the cut off point for abortions to be carried out. In 1967 The Abortion Actà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was passed, it permitted the termination of pregnancies under certain circumstances. Regulations under this new act stated that a registered practitioner in a National Health Service hospital or clinic approved by the Department of Health must perform abortions. The last act passed was called The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This new act introduced a time limit of 24 weeks for the termination of a pregnancy as opposed to the previous limit of 28 weeks. The act also stated that if a moth er had a multiple pregnancy it was legal for a doctor to terminate the life of one or more foetuses leaving others alive.I think that control in anyway of another humans life other than under certain circumstances (such as if the foetus were to be born the mother and child would almost certainly die) is wrong and should not be practiced what so ever.Some people believe that the mother has the right to choose whether she will have an abortion or not, but I think that this belief is selfish. Our right to choose is limited by the rights of other people. For example, everyone has freedom of speech but you cant go round saying what you want as it may offend others. Also, the mother is not the only one affected by an abortion, family members and the father in particular are greatly affected. It is has been said that the woman is the only person who should decide whether she should continue her pregnancy or not and that the mothers partner has no right to prevent her from having an abortio n. In that respect it can also be said that the woman then has no right to call on her partner for support and that both parents have the mutual right to abandon their responsibilities.It has been said that a foetus is not a human being and that it is merely part of the woman. Whereas, medical science has proved that the foetus is biologically separate from its mother. From the moment the embryo is formed an individual being comes into existence, genetically different from its parents and any other being for that matter. The development of vitro fertilisation has proven that an embryo can exist outside a female body. All these scientific advances confirm that the unborn is a separate human being. The terms embryoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, foetusà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, babyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, childà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and adultà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ are just different words for a human being at different stages of life. Given the necessities, a foetus has the potential to grow into an adult.Many women have abortions because they believe that they would have to give up their job or education if they were to have a baby, but now in this modern day and age this is not true. There are laws that have been passed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. Even though a woman may have to postpone some of her plans, the foetuses right to live should take precedence over the mothers right to a certain lifestyle.Some may argue that the law should not interfere with what goes on in the privacy of a womans womb. I believe that if inside a womans womb a human being is undergoing the process of growth and development then the being is entitled to the protection of the law. This can be applied to a completely different situation; for example, the law can interfere with what goes on in the privacy of someones home if violence is involved.I believe that many of the reasons for having abortions are totally unacceptable. For example, there have been reports that some pregnancies have been aborted due the parents de ciding that their child was the `wrongà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ gender. I think that too many women do not look hard enough to find the possible solutions of the problems that arise with pregnancies. Parents must take more responsibility as many times the situation has only arisen due to the parents carelessness whilst having sexual intercourse. In my opinion, if a mother does not feel she is ready to bring up a child, the best option is to give the child up for adoption, as there are thousands of people who are desperate to foster or adopt children.But as Ive stated earlier I do believe that there are circumstances and situations in which abortions are the best option. For example, if the continuation of a pregnancy will cause a high risk of severe injury to the mother or even death. I also believe that it is right to terminate the life of one or more foetuses involved in a multiple pregnancy to preserve the life of other foetuses. Finally, I think that although doctors should consult other doc tors, they should not be prosecuted for carrying out an abortion in extreme circumstances. For example, in 1938, Dr Alexander Bourne performed an abortion on a 14-year-old girl after a gang of soldiers raped her. Dr Bourne informed the police and was prosecuted.My main feeling about abortion is that it denies the most fundamental human right, the right to live.

The American Involvement in the Politics of Middle East Essay

The American Involvement in the Politics of Middle East - Essay Example When Bush declared war on Iraq, experts say he was supporting the Jews. He wanted to assist the Israelites. High-ranking officials in Bush's administration were Jews. The officials took part in making the decision to invade Iraq. Iraq was Israel's chief enemy. They proved to be high economic competitors to Israel. It affected the economy of Israel because of these economic competitions. The war was like an activity of saving Israel . Saddam Hussein was not a major threat to America. He posed only a risk of launching a nuclear attack towards Israel. America did a wrong thing in capturing and executing Saddam. Bush wanted to prove that his administration was supporting the growth of Israel. He supported every action that Israel Prime Minister, Sharon, wanted to do. In many of his speeches, Bush reinstated his wish of a strong bond between the Jews and Americans. US had an opinion that the security of the world depends on the security of Israel. The US had strategic plans to fight terro rism in the Middle East, which posed a threat to Israel. Terrorism was a global menace. US viewed Israel as a strategic country to fight terror in Middle East. The Jewish state had planned war on Iraq long time ago. It all began in 1996 when Israel's government planned an attack on Iraq. The government of Israel put the strategy into a paper, and the respective authors of the document later became influential figures in Bush administration.US foreign policy is another issue that contributed significantly to the learning of the course.

Demographic Transition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demographic Transition - Assignment Example It finally stabilizes in the fourth stage of the demographic transition, as a result of low both birth and death rates. Consequently, most of the developing countries are in this stage. Introduction They are several theories and models describing population dynamics. One of these models is demographic Transition model. It refers to the change of high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates, as a country grows from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. It focuses on the changes in the population from unstable to where it stabilizes. Demographic Transition refers to the change from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates, as a country grows from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. It is normally represented by a demographic transition model. This model gives a description of population change over time. It  has a basis on an interpretation by the American demographer Warren Thompson that begun in 1 929, of the observed transitions, or changes, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies throughout the past two hundred years or so (Caldwell,et al, 2006). The demographic transition model has four stages which are commonly classified as; pre-modern, urbanizing/industrializing, mature industrial and post industrial. Stage one is related with pre modern times, it also seen as the pre-industrial society. It is characterized by a balance between birth and death rates that is high birth rates and death rates that are roughly in balance. It is believed that all human population experienced this until late 18thcentury when Western Europe broke the balance. Since both birth and death rates were roughly equal and high, population growth in this stage is very slow. Actually, the growth rate we less than 0.05% for over 10,000years since Agricultural Revolution (Caldwell,et al, 2006). This characteristic gave this stage a name â€Å"High Stationary Stage† of population growth . The high death rate in this stage is as a result of; occasional food shortages and inadequate knowledge of disease prevention and cure. On the other end, high birth rates were as a result of high fertility rates. This stage is refers to as the urbanizing or industrializing stage. Here, population increases as there is a fall in death rate while birth rates remain the high. In Europe, the changes leading to this stage was the 18th century Agricultural Revolution, were initially slow. However, the fall in death rates in developing countries in the 20th century tended to be substantially faster. The death rate decline is due initially to two factors; higher agricultural practice and better transportation which has brought forth improvement food supply, thus prevented deaths brought about by lack of water and starvation. These agricultural improvements include selective breeding, crop rotation and seed drill technology. Another factor is the improvement of public health; this reduces mortality especially in childhood. These improvements include; improvement in sewerage, water supply, general personal hygiene and food handling. Apart from lo death rate the stage is characterized by changing age structure of the population. The third stage, move the population towards stability though birth rate decline. There are various