Free Communication Disorders Essay

Free Communication Disorders Essay Communication Disorders Communication is really a complex cognitive activity. The act of communicating takes either the verbal or the non-verbal feature or combines both. Communication skills are developmental and they are composed of a number of components. Communication includes pragmatics, which is the social use of language and semantics, which is the understanding of words. Statistics show that between 7% and 14% of worlds children have difficulties in the acquisition of some or all of these normal language skills. Delayed language acquisition is a common problem in children at the early stages of development. From many cases reported in medical centres within United States, deficits in socialisation, non-verbal communication, and several unusual and persistent behaviours are features existent in many children in the states. It is the pervasiveness and persistence of the respective deficits that differentiate children suffering from autism with those having specific language developmental disorders. However, early therapy referral is beneficial in both cases. Barnard (2004) argued that children with considerable language disorders could present actually with some autistic features. This may diminish as they grow up and improve their language and communication skills. It is notable that in children less than 2 years of age, it is very difficult to distinguish what the child is suffering from between autism and non-autistic symptoms. At such an age, it is more significant to identify the specific areas that need improvements and provide reasonable intervention than to literally wait for a diagnosis. Reviewing the childs progress and performing diagnosis from time to time is the key to developing solutions for improvements on communication disorders (Barnard, 2004). Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is in use mostly when describing the range of behavioural phenotype as well as severities part of the continuum from literally normal to disordered communication development, interests and socialisation. ASD generally includes atypical autism, autistic disorder, Aspergers disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Ward (1999) named some characteristics of autistic disorder as qualitative impairment in general communication and social interaction. Other features include repetitive and stereotyped patterns of interests, behaviour and activities. These features are present in all autistic individuals but clinical manifestation as well as functional disability varies depending on age, co morbidity, linguistic and cognitive ability, family and social environment. A communication disorder on the other hand differs a lot with autism. It is like a language disorder with an impaired ability in an individual to understand or share with others the feelings and ideas. It is also revealed mostly in impairment to comprehend written or spoken language. Some of the features of a communication disorder include speech disorder. This is the difficulty in production of speech correctly provoking the use of voice. Stuttering is also a part of the communication disorder. It is signalled by an interruption of speech flow. The other major characteristic of a communication disorder and not autism is Voice. This is the speech quality for instance nasality, hoarseness or volume (Fletcher, 2000). Behaviour is something crucial in determining whether it is communication disorder or autism. There are common weird behaviours when a child has autism very different from when with communication disorder. Lining up of objects like toy cars repetitively, walking on toes most of the time, flapping wings repeatedly when exited and looking at objects with the corner of the eye are some of the weird behaviours that are an alarm to autism. They may be normal if a child only does it occasionally. However, repeated behaviour should draw your concern because it is a possible symptom of autism. Parents anxious to know and develop a distinction of communication disorder and autism have very many questions running through their heads. Some possible questions that are likely a feature of their concern include: What is mild autism? Between autism and communication disorder, which is the most serious? Which one between autism and communication disorder is the patient capable of recovering fast? What are some of the behaviours in an autistic or non-autistic child? How can one measure the prevalence of autism? What are some of the interventions applicable in handling communication disorders Do communication disorders have any side effects to the patient Identification of autism requires some form of developmental surveillance. Routine developmental surveillance is effective in identifying children with a likelihood of developing autism disorders. Some of the instruments used include Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), stages, ages questionnaire, and screens series. Another mode of assessment would be a follow up of any regression in language as well as socialisation skills noted in hand before 18 months of childs age. There are other medical assessments including screening tests that involve serum lead level iron and folate levels, a full blood count, and vitamin B12 levels, thyroid function tests, a urine metabolic screen and creatine kinase level (Ward, 1999). Behaviour is an area under scrutiny when identifying the autism problem. In this case, you will have to refer the child to a speech therapist. He expresses concerns on the childs general development and other unusual behaviours. The challenge is the way the speech therapists handles the child yet he is not used to him. The therapist might diagnose wrongly, when the childs receptiveness is because of reaction to a stranger but not in reality autism. The assessment of behaviour to determine the condition of the child is also challenging because it might not produce valid results. Assumptions that aggression and self-injury are reactions because of autism is wrong, the reactions might be emanating from other stimulants in the childs biological system.

How to Edit a Book The Ultimate Free 21-Part Checklist

How to Edit a Book The Ultimate Free 21-Part Checklist How to Edit a Book: Your Ultimate 21-Part Checklist So you want to get published? If you want people to actually read what you’ve written, you must master the art of ferociously self-editing your book. These days, anyone can get anything printed. It doesn’t even have to be good. If you have the money, you can find someone who  will print whatever you submit, as is. That’s not necessarily underhanded. Almost any independent publisher would be happy to offer all the services you’re willing to pay for to make your manuscript as publishable as possible. But you’re the boss. So if you want them to print your unedited book in the exact form you give it to them, they’ll say, â€Å"As you wish. And if they wont, you can easily find someone who will. On the Other Hand Ideally, you’d rather be discovered by a traditional publisher who takes all the risks and pays you an advance against royalties and then royalties on your sales. But the odds of landing a traditional publishing contract are slim. So you must separate yourself from the competition by ensuring your manuscript is the absolute best it can be. Yes, a traditional publisher will have its own editors and proofreaders. But to get that far, your manuscript has to be better than a thousand other submissions. And if you’re self-publishing, the only way to stand out against even more competition is by ferociously editing your own book until its as crisp and clean as possible. There’s little worse than an independently published book that looks like one. So, You Must  Learn How to Edit a Book Whether you’re going to hire an editor, or be assigned one by a traditional publisher, your responsibility is to get your book manuscript to the highest level it can be before you pass it on. Never settle for, â€Å"That’s the best I can do; now fix it for me.† Why? Because sadly, if you attempt the traditional publishing route, could pour your whole life into a manuscript and get just five minutes of an editor’s time before your book is rejected. Sounds unfair, doesn’t it? But as one who has been on both sides of the desk for more than four decades, let me tell you there are reasons for it: Why Publishers Reject Your Manuscript After Reading Just Two Pages Editors can tell within a page or two how much editing would be required to make a manuscript publishable; if it would take a lot of work in every sentence, the labor cost alone would disqualify it. An editor can tell immediately whether a writer understands what it means to grab a reader by the throat and not let go. Have too many characters been introduced too quickly? Does the writer understand point of view? Is the setting and tone interesting? Do we have a sense of where the story is headed, or is there too much throat clearing? (See below for an explanation.) Is the story subtle and evocative, or is it on-the-nose? Yes, a professional editor can determine all this with a quick read of the first two to three pages. If you find yourself saying, â€Å"But they didn’t even get to the good stuff,† then you need to put the good stuff earlier in your manuscript. So today, I want to zero in on tight writing and self-editing. Author Francine Prose says: For any writer, the ability to look at a sentence and see what’s superfluous, what can be altered, revised, expanded, or especially cut, is essential. It’s satisfying to see that sentence shrink, snap into place, and ultimately emerge in a more polished form: clear, economical, sharp. If you’re ready to learn how to edit a book, here’s what you need to do: The  Ultimate Checklist for Editing a  Book Want to keep these 21 self-editing tips handy next time youre writing?  Click here to download the checklist. 1. Develop a thick skin. Or at least to pretend to. It’s not easy. But we writers need to listen to our editors- even if that means listening to ourselves! 2. Avoid throat-clearing. This is a literary term for a story or chapter that finally begins after a page or two of scene setting and background. Get on with it. 3. Choose the normal word over the obtuse. When you’re tempted to show off your vocabulary or a fancy turn of phrase, think reader-first and keep your content king. Don’t intrude. Get out of the way of your message. 4. Omit needless words. A rule that follows its own advice. This should be the hallmark of every writer. 5. Avoid subtle redundancies. â€Å"She nodded her head in agreement.† Those last four words could be deleted. What else would she nod but her head? And when she nods, we need not be told she’s in agreement. â€Å"He clapped his hands.† What else would he clap? â€Å"She shrugged her shoulders.† What else? â€Å"He blinked his eyes.† Same question. â€Å"They heard the sound of a train whistle.† The sound of could be deleted. 6. Avoid the words up and down unless they’re really needed. He rigged [up] the device. She sat [down] on the couch. 7. Usually delete the word that. Use it only for clarity. 8. Give the reader credit. Once youve established something, you dont need to repeat it. Example: â€Å"They walked through the open door and sat down across from each other in chairs.† If they walked in and sat, we can assume the door was open, the direction was down, and- unless told otherwise- there were chairs. So you can write: â€Å"They walked in and sat across from each other.† And avoid quotation marks around words used in another context, as if the reader wouldnt â€Å"get it† otherwise. (Notice how subtly insulting that is.) 9. Avoid telling what’s not happening. â€Å"He didn’t respond.† â€Å"She didn’t say anything.† â€Å"The crowded room never got quiet.† If you don’t say these things happened, we’ll assume they didn’t. 10. Avoid being an adjectival maniac. Good writing is a thing of strong nouns and verbs, not adjectives. Use them sparingly. Novelist and editor Sol Stein says one plus one equals one-half (1+1=1/2), meaning the power of your words is diminished by not picking just the better one. â€Å"He proved a scrappy, active fighter,† is more powerful if you settle on the stronger of those two adjectives. Less is more. Which would you choose? 11. Avoid hedging verbs like smiled slightly, almost laughed, frowned a bit, etc. 12. Avoid the term literally- when you mean figuratively. â€Å"I literally died when I heard that.† R.I.P. â€Å"My eyes literally fell out of my head.† There’s a story I’d like to read. â€Å"I was literally climbing the walls.† You have a future in horror films. 13. Avoid too much stage direction. You dont  need to tell every action of every character in each scene, what they’re doing with each hand, etc. 14. Maintain a single Point of View (POV) for every scene. Failing to do so is one of the most common errors beginning writers make. Amateurs often defend themselves against this criticism by citing classics by famous authors who violated this. Times change. Readers’ tastes change. This is the rule for today, and it’s true of what sells. 15. Avoid clichà ©s. And not just words and phrases. There are also clichà ©d situations, like starting your story with the main character waking to an alarm clock; having a character describe herself while looking in a full-length mirror; having future love interests literally bump into each other upon first meeting, etc. 16. Resist the urge to explain (RUE). Marian was mad. She pounded the table. â€Å"George, you’re going to drive me crazy,† she said, angrily. â€Å"You can do it!† George encouraged said. 17. Show, don’t tell. If Marian pounds the table and chooses those words, we don’t need to be told she’s mad. If George says she can do it, we know he was encouraging. 18. Avoid mannerisms of attribution. People say things; they don’t wheeze, gasp, sigh, laugh, grunt, snort, reply, retort, exclaim, or declare them. John dropped onto the couch. â€Å"I’m beat.† Not: John was exhausted. He dropped onto the couch and exclaimed tiredly, â€Å"I’m beat.† â€Å"I hate you,† Jill said, narrowing her eyes. Not: â€Å"I hate you,† Jill blurted ferociously. Sometimes people whisper or shout or mumble, but let your choice of words imply whether they are grumbling, etc. If it’s important that they sigh or laugh, separate the action from the dialogue: Jim sighed. â€Å"I just can’t take any more,† he said. [Usually you can even drop the attribution he said if you have described his action first. We know who’s speaking.] 19. Specifics add the ring of truth. Yes, even to fiction. 20. Avoid similar character names. In fact, avoid even the same first initials. 21. Avoid mannerisms of punctuation, typestyles, and sizes. â€Å"He†¦was†¦DEAD!† doesn’t make a character any more dramatically expired than â€Å"He was dead.† Your Assignment Apply as many of these book editing hints as possible to the first page of your work-in-progress. Itll make a huge difference. I’ve added a downloadable self-editing checklist below to help you master these 21 tips. The more boxes you can check for your manuscript, the leaner, meaner, and more ready it will be for submission to a publisher. Click here  or below to download it free: What other questions do you have about how to edit a book? Ask me below.